Fumigant Antifungal Activity via Reactive Oxygen Species of <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> and <i>Satureja hortensis</i> Essential Oils and Constituents against <i>Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>

Abstract

In this study, the fumigant antifungal activity of 10 Lamiaceae plant essential oils was evaluated against two phytopathogenic fungi, Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, and Rhizoctonia solani. Among the tested essential oils, thyme white (Thymus vulgaris) and summer savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oils exhibited the strongest fumigant antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungi. We analyzed the chemical composition of two active essential oils and tested the fumigant antifungal activities of the identified compounds. Among the tested compounds, thymol and carvacrol had potent fumigant antifungal activity. We observed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in two fungi treated with thymol and carvacrol. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of fungi stained with propidium iodide showed that thymol and carvacrol disrupted fungal cell membranes. Our results indicated that ROS generated by thymol and carvacrol damaged the cell membrane of R. querqus-mongolicae and R. solani, causing cell death.

Keywords

• <i>thymus vulgaris</i>
• <i>satureja hortensis</i>
• antifungal activity
• reactive oxygen species
• thymol
• carvacrol