Amidine containing compounds: Antimicrobial activity and its potential in combating antimicrobial resistance
Asmaa Zainal Abidin,
Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim,
Nik Noorul Shakira Mohamed Shakrin,
Baharudin Ibrahim,
Norli Abdullah,
Jahwarhar Izuan Abdul Rashid,
Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim,
Noor Aisyah Ahmad Shah
Affiliations
Asmaa Zainal Abidin
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Nik Noorul Shakira Mohamed Shakrin
Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Baharudin Ibrahim
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Norli Abdullah
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Jahwarhar Izuan Abdul Rashid
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Noor Aisyah Ahmad Shah
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Corresponding author.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing and concerning threat to global public health, necessitating innovative strategies to combat this crisis. Amidine-containing compounds have emerged as promising agents in the battle against AMR. This review gives a summary of recent advances from the past decade in studies of antimicrobial amidine-containing compounds with the aim to feature their structural diversity and the pharmacological relevance of the moiety to antimicrobial activity and their potential use in combating antimicrobial resistance, to the greatest extent possible. Highlighting is put on chemical structure of such compounds in relation to antimicrobial activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities. Researchers commonly modify molecules containing amidine or incorporate amidine into existing antimicrobial agents to enhance their pharmacological attributes and combat antimicrobial resistance. This comprehensive review consolidates the current knowledge on amidine-containing compounds, elucidating their antimicrobial mechanisms and highlighting their promise in addressing the global AMR crisis. By offering a multidisciplinary perspective, we aim to inspire further research and innovation in this critical area of antimicrobial research.
