Frontiers in Immunology (Dec 2024)
Impact of COVID-19, lockdowns and vaccination on immune responses in a HIV cohort in the Netherlands
- Twan Otten,
- Twan Otten,
- Xun Jiang,
- Xun Jiang,
- Manoj Kumar Gupta,
- Manoj Kumar Gupta,
- Nadira Vadaq,
- Maartje Cleophas-Jacobs,
- Jéssica C. dos Santos,
- Albert Groenendijk,
- Albert Groenendijk,
- Wilhelm Vos,
- Wilhelm Vos,
- Louise E. van Eekeren,
- Marc J. T. Blaauw,
- Marc J. T. Blaauw,
- Elise M.G. Meeder,
- Elise M.G. Meeder,
- Elise M.G. Meeder,
- Olivier Richel,
- Vasiliki Matzaraki,
- Jan van Lunzen,
- Jan van Lunzen,
- Leo A. B. Joosten,
- Leo A. B. Joosten,
- Yang Li,
- Yang Li,
- Yang Li,
- Cheng-Jian Xu,
- Cheng-Jian Xu,
- Andre van der Ven,
- Mihai G. Netea,
- Mihai G. Netea
Affiliations
- Twan Otten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Twan Otten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Xun Jiang
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Xun Jiang
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Maartje Cleophas-Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Jéssica C. dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Albert Groenendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Albert Groenendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Wilhelm Vos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Wilhelm Vos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Louise E. van Eekeren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Marc J. T. Blaauw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Marc J. T. Blaauw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Elise M.G. Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Elise M.G. Meeder
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Elise M.G. Meeder
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Olivier Richel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Jan van Lunzen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Jan van Lunzen
- 0Translational Medical Research, ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom
- Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Leo A. B. Joosten
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Yang Li
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Yang Li
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Cheng-Jian Xu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Cheng-Jian Xu
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Andre van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Mihai G. Netea
- 2Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459593
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 15
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, major events with immune-modulating effects at population-level included COVID-19 infection, lockdowns, and mass vaccinations campaigns. As immune responses influence many immune-mediated diseases, population scale immunological changes may have broad consequences.MethodsWe investigated the impact of lockdowns, COVID-19 infection and vaccinations on immune responses in the 2000HIV study including 1895 asymptomatic virally-suppressed people living with HIV recruited between October 2019 and October 2021. Their inflammatory profile was assessed by targeted plasma proteomics, immune responsiveness by cytokine production capacity of circulating immune cells, and epigenetic profile by genome-wide DNA methylation of immune cells.ResultsPast mild COVID-19 infection had limited long-term immune effects. In contrast, COVID-19 vaccines and especially lockdowns significantly altered both the epigenetic profile in immune cells at DNA methylation level and immune responses. Lockdowns resulted in a strong overall exaggerated immune responsiveness, while COVID-19 vaccines moderately dampened immune responses. Lockdown-associated immune responsiveness alterations were confirmed in 30 healthy volunteers from the 200FG cohort that, like the 2000HIV study, is part of the Human Functional Genomics Project.DiscussionOur data suggest that lockdowns have unforeseen immunological effects. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccines have immunological effects beyond anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and studies of their impact on non-COVID-19 immune-mediated pathology are warranted.
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