Synthesis and biological evaluation of ortho-phenyl phenylhydroxamic acids containing phenothiazine with improved selectivity for class IIa histone deacetylases

Abstract

Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been linked to tumorigenesis in various cancers. Previously, we designed phenylhydroxamic acid LH4f as a potent class IIa HDAC inhibitor. However, it also unselectively inhibited class I and class IIb HDACs. To enhance the compound’s selectivity towards class IIa HDACs, the ortho-phenyl group from the selective HDAC7 inhibitor 1 is incorporated into ortho position of the phenylhydroxamic acid in LH4f. Compared to LH4f, most resulting compounds displayed substantially improved selectivity towards the class IIa HDACs. Notably, compound 7 g exhibited the strongest HDAC9 inhibition with an IC50 value of 40 nM. Molecular modelling further identified the key interactions of compound 7 g bound to HDAC9. Compound 7 g significantly inhibited several human cancer cells, induced apoptosis, modulated caspase-related proteins as well as p38, and caused DNA damage. These findings suggest the potential of class IIa HDAC inhibitors as lead compounds for the development of cancer therapeutics.

Keywords

• Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs)
• structure-activity relationship (SAR)
• molecular modelling
• cancer cells