Recent developments in Achilles tendon risk-analyzing rupture factors for enhanced injury prevention and clinical guidance: Current implications of regenerative medicine

Abstract

Background: In recent years, many countries have actively implemented programs and strategies to promote physical education and sports. Despite these efforts, the increase in physical activity has been accompanied by a significant rise in muscle and tendon-ligament injuries, with Achilles tendon rupture being the most prevalent, accounting for 47 % of such injuries. This review aims to summarize all significant factors determining the predisposition of the Achilles tendon to rupture, to develop effective personalized prevention measures. Objective: To identify and evaluate the risk factors contributing to Achilles tendon rupture and to develop strategies for personalized prevention. Methods: This review utilized data from several databases, including Elsevier, Global Health, PubMed-NCBI, Embase, Medline, Scopus, ResearchGate, RSCI, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, eLibrary.ru, and CyberLeninka. Both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries and ruptures were analyzed. Results: The analysis identified several non-modifiable risk factors, such as genetic predisposition, anatomical and functional features of the Achilles tendon, sex, and age. These factors should be considered when selecting sports activities and designing training programs. Modifiable risk factors included imbalanced nutrition, improper exercise regimens, and inadequate monitoring of Achilles tendon conditions in athletes. Early treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, Achilles tendon diseases, foot deformities, and metabolic disorders is crucial. Long-term drug use and its risk assessment were also highlighted as important considerations. Furthermore, recent clinical advancements in both conventional and surgical methods to treat Achilles tendon injuries were described. The efficacy of these therapies in enhancing functional outcomes in individuals with Achilles injuries was compared. Advancements in cell-based and scaffold-based therapies aimed at enhancing cell regeneration and repairing Achilles injuries were also discussed. Discussion: The combination of several established factors significantly increases the risk of Achilles tendon rupture. Addressing these factors through personalized prevention strategies can effectively reduce the incidence of these injuries. Proper nutrition, regular monitoring, timely treatment, and the correction of metabolic disorders are essential components of a comprehensive prevention plan. Conclusion: Early identification of Achilles tendon risk factors allows for the timely development of effective personalized prevention strategies. These measures can contribute significantly to public health preservation by reducing the incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures associated with physical activity and sports. Continued research and clinical advancements in treatment methods will further enhance the ability to prevent and manage Achilles tendon injuries. The translational potential of this article: This study identifies key modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries, paving the way for personalized prevention strategies. Emphasizing nutrition, exercise, and early treatment of musculoskeletal issues, along with advancements in cell-based therapies, offers promising avenues for improving recovery and outcomes. These findings can guide clinical practices in prevention and rehabilitation, ultimately reducing Achilles injuries and enhancing public health.

Keywords

• Achilles injuries
• Anatomy
• Clinical reports
• Regenerative medicine
• Rupture-risk factors