Imaging modalities in keratoconus

Abstract

Diagnosis of keratoconus has greatly improved from simple clinical diagnosis with the advent of better diagnostic devices like corneal topographers based on placido disc, elevation based topographers and lately optical coherence tomography (OCT). These instruments are quite sensitive to pick up early keratoconus, which could help refractive surgeons to avoid serious complications like ectasia following keratorefractive surgeries. Each of these instruments has their advantages and disadvantages; in spite of that each one of them has its own place in the clinical practice. Currently, placido disc based topographers are the most commonly used topographers all over the world. There are many different companies making such devices, which follow the different techniques and color for the display. Due to these differences they are not directly comparable to each other. Various quantitative indices based on these topographers have been suggested and validated by different authors to aid in the diagnosis and quantification of keratoconus. OCT with its higher resolution and deeper penetration has created its place in the diagnostic armamentarium for keratoconus.

Keywords

• Epidemiology
• keratoconus
• prevalence
• Disease pathogenesis
• genetic heterogeneity
• genetics and genomics
• genome-wide association study
• genomic loci
• keratoconus
• linkage mapping
• molecular mechanisms
• whole exome-genome sequencing
• Deregulation
• ectasia
• gene expression
• keratoconus
• mass spectroscopy
• proteomics
• signaling pathways
• Cornea
• crosslinking
• keratoconus
• modulus
• Corneal topography
• imaging
• keratoconus
• optical coherence tomography
• placido disc based topography