The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2025)
ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4
- Akiyoshi Tsujita,
- Kotaro Kohno,
- Shuo Huang,
- Masamune Oguri,
- Ken-ichi Tadaki,
- Ian Smail,
- Hideki Umehata,
- Zhen-Kai Gao,
- Wei-Hao Wang,
- Fengwu Sun,
- Seiji Fujimoto,
- Tao Wang,
- Ryosuke Uematsu,
- Daniel Espada,
- Francesco Valentino,
- Yiping Ao,
- Franz E. Bauer,
- Bunyo Hatsukade,
- Fumi Egusa,
- Yuri Nishimura,
- Anton M. Koekemoer,
- Daniel Schaerer,
- Claudia Lagos,
- Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky,
- Gabriel Brammer,
- Karina Caputi,
- Eiichi Egami,
- Jorge González-López,
- Jean-Baptiste Jolly,
- Kirsten K. Knudsen,
- Vasily Kokorev,
- Georgios E. Magdis,
- Masami Ouchi,
- Sune Toft,
- John F. Wu,
- Adi Zitrin
Affiliations
- Akiyoshi Tsujita
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan
- Kotaro Kohno
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Shuo Huang
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Masamune Oguri
- ORCiD
- Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Ken-ichi Tadaki
- ORCiD
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University , 1-1, Nishi 11-chome, Minami 26-jo, Chuo-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan
- Ian Smail
- ORCiD
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Hideki Umehata
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Zhen-Kai Gao
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , Zhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- Wei-Hao Wang
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Fengwu Sun
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Seiji Fujimoto
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Tao Wang
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University) , Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Ryosuke Uematsu
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Daniel Espada
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Campus de Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Universidad de Granada , E-18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional , Facultad de Ciencias, E-18071, Granada, Spain
- Francesco Valentino
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching, Germany; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark
- Yiping Ao
- ORCiD
- Purple Mountain Observatory and Key Laboratory for Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Franz E. Bauer
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Centro de Astroingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Bunyo Hatsukade
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Fumi Egusa
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan
- Yuri Nishimura
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan
- Anton M. Koekemoer
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Daniel Schaerer
- ORCiD
- Observatoire de Genéve, Université de Genéve , 51 Ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; CNRS , IRAP, 14 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Claudia Lagos
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), M468, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia
- Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva , Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Gabriel Brammer
- ORCiD
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark
- Karina Caputi
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, 9700AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Eiichi Egami
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jorge González-López
- ORCiD
- Núcleo de Astronomía de la Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales , Av. Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile; Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
- Jean-Baptiste Jolly
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden; Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik , 85748 Garching, Germany
- Kirsten K. Knudsen
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
- Vasily Kokorev
- ORCiD
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, 9700AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Georgios E. Magdis
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 327, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Masami Ouchi
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Sune Toft
- ORCiD
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark
- John F. Wu
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Adi Zitrin
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Be’er-sheva 8410501, Israel
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb41d
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 989,
no. 1
p. 115
Abstract
We present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) spectral line-scan observations at 3 mm and 2 mm bands of three near-infrared-dark (NIR-dark) galaxies behind two massive lensing clusters MACS J0417.5-1154 and RXC J0032.1+1808. Each of these three sources is a (sub)millimeter faint (delensed S _1.2 mm < 1 mJy) triply lensed system originally discovered in the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey. We have successfully detected CO and [C i ] emission lines and confirmed that their spectroscopic redshifts are z = 3.652, 2.391, and 2.985. By utilizing a rich multiwavelength data set, we find that the NIR-dark galaxies are located on the star formation main sequence in the intrinsic stellar mass range of log ( M _* / M _⊙ ) = 9.8–10.4, which is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of typical submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). These NIR-dark galaxies show a variety in gas depletion times and spatial extent of dust emission. One of the three is a normal star-forming galaxy with gas depletion time consistent with a scaling relation, and its infrared surface brightness is an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical SMGs. Since this galaxy has an elongated axis ratio of ∼0.17, we argue that normal star-forming galaxies in an edge-on configuration can be heavily dust-obscured. This implies that existing deep WFC3/F160W surveys may miss a fraction of typical star-forming main-sequence galaxies due to their edge-on orientation.
Keywords
