The Impact of Data Pre-Processing on Hate Speech Detection in a Mix of English and Hindi–English (Code-Mixed) Tweets

Abstract

Due to the increasing reliance on social network platforms in recent years, hate speech has risen significantly among online users. Government and social media platforms face the challenging responsibility of controlling, detecting, and removing massively growing hateful content as early as possible to prevent future criminal acts, such as cyberviolence and real-life hate crimes. Twitter is used globally by people from various backgrounds and nationalities; it contains tweets posted in different languages, including code-mixed language, such as Hindi–English. Due to the informal format of tweets with variations in spelling and grammar, hate speech detection is especially challenging in code-mixed text. In this paper, we tackle the critical issue of hate speech detection on social media, with a focus on a mix of English and Hindi–English (code-mixed) text messages on Twitter. More specifically, we aim to evaluate the impact of data pre-processing on hate speech detection. Our method first performs 10-step data cleansing; then, it builds a detection method based on two architectures, namely a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a combination of CNN and long short-term Memory (LSTM) algorithms. We tune the hyperparameters of the proposed model architectures and conduct extensive experimental analysis on real-life tweets to evaluate the performance of the models in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. Moreover, we compare our method with a closely related hate speech detection method from the literature. The experimental results suggest that our method results in an improved accuracy and a significantly improved runtime. Among our best-performing models, CNN-LSTM improved accuracy by nearly 2% and decreased the runtime by almost half.

Keywords

• speech recognition
• hate speech
• code-mixed
• multilingual
• neural networks