Long-pulse H-mode operation with stored-energy monitoring for detachment feedback control with a new lower tungsten divertor in EAST

Abstract

One of the key challenges for future fusion research is to mitigate the high steady-state heat load on the divertor target plates, and divertor detachment offers a promising solution. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has developed several feedback control methods for divertor detachment. However, when an off-normal event momentarily disturbs the main plasma, impurity seeding may still be conducted by these methods for detachment, which probably drives the main plasma further away from its stable equilibrium or even causes the disruption. These off-normal events include excessive impurity seeding, loss of heating and dust droplets, which are not rare in current tokamak experiments, especially in long-pulse operation. To compensate for the drawbacks of these methods, we propose and develop a module of stored-energy monitoring to ensure stable plasmas in long-pulse operation. The stored energy usually decreases when the main plasma is away from its stable equilibrium, which is suitable for monitoring the state of the main plasma. Once the stored energy falls below a certain threshold, the module actively switches off the impurity seeding system. Without impurity seeding, the main plasma can recover with the increase in the stored energy. Only when the stored energy exceeds another threshold does the module switch on the impurity seeding to continue the detachment operation. The module function has been verified during the EAST radiative divertor experiments in the newly-upgraded lower tungsten divertor. A typical ∼20 s discharge in grassy-ELM H-mode regime with ∼5 MW source heating power is demonstrated with divertor partial detachment and good energy confinement by active impurity seeding (50% neon, 50% D _2 ). The energy confinement factor is maintained at a high level, i.e. ${H_{98,y2}}\sim 1.1.$ The electron temperature in the core region only has a slight change after the impurity seeding, while the electron density has a ∼10% increase. Furthermore, the ion temperature near the axis also has a remarkable increase. These achievements provide an important demonstration of the actively controlled radiative divertor mitigating the heat loads with good core confinement, which is an essential step toward steady-state operation of fusion reactors.

Keywords

• EAST
• tokamak
• plasma
• detachment
• confinement
• feedback control