Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide deficient mice show length abnormalities of the axon initial segment

Abstract

We previously found that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-deficient (PACAP−/−) mice exhibit dendritic spine morphology impairment and neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)-like behaviors such as hyperactivity, increased novelty-seeking behavior, and deficient pre-pulse inhibition. Recent studies have indicated that rodent models of NDDs (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder) show abnormalities in the axon initial segment (AIS). Here, we revealed that PACAP−/− mice exhibited a longer AIS length in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the primary somatosensory barrel field compared with wild-type control mice. Further, we previously showed that a single injection of atomoxetine, an ADHD drug, improved hyperactivity in PACAP−/− mice. In this study, we found that repeated treatments of atomoxetine significantly improved AIS abnormality along with hyperactivity in PACAP−/− mice. These results suggest that AIS abnormalities are associated with NDDs-like behaviors in PACAP−/− mice. Thus, improvement in AIS abnormalities will be a novel drug therapy for NDDs.

Keywords

• Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)
• Axon initial segment (AIS)
• Atomoxetine (ATX)
• Neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)