Integrated Benefits to Agriculture with <i>Trichoderma</i> and Other Endophytic or Root-Associated Microbes

Abstract

The use of endophytic microbes is increasing in commercial agriculture. This review will begin with a strain selection. Most strains will not function well, so only a few provide adequate performance. It will also describe the endophyte–plant relationship and the fungi and bacteria involved. Their abilities to alleviate biotic (diseases and pests) and abiotic stresses (drought, salt, and flooding) to remediate pollution and increase photosynthetic capabilities will be described. Their mechanisms of action will be elucidated. These frequently result in increased plant yields. Finally, methods and practices for formulation and commercial use will be described.

Keywords

• bacteria
• biotic and abiotic stresses
• commercialization
• fungi
• insects
• integration of biological and chemical systems