Microbiology Spectrum (Feb 2022)
Enterovirus 71 Activates GADD34 via Precursor 3CD to Promote IRES-Mediated Viral Translation
Abstract
ABSTRACT Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease. In severe cases, it can cause life-threatening neurological complications, such as aseptic meningitis and polio-like paralysis. There are no specific antiviral treatments for EV71 infections. In a previous study, the host protein growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34) expression was upregulated during EV71 infection determined by ribosome profiling and RNA-sequencing. Here, we investigated the interactions of host protein GADD34 and EV71 during infections. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were infected with EV71 resulting in a significant increase in expression of GADD34 mRNA and protein. Through screening of EV71 protein we determined that the non-structural precursor protein 3CD is responsible for upregulating GADD34. EV71 3CD increased the RNA and protein levels of GADD34, while the 3CD mutant Y441S could not. 3CD upregulated GADD34 translation via the upstream open reading frame (uORF) of GADD34 5'untranslated regions (UTR). EV71 replication was attenuated by the knockdown of GADD34. The function of GADD34 to dephosphorylate eIF2α was unrelated to the upregulation of EV71 replication, but the PEST 1, 2, and 3 regions of GADD34 were required. GADD34 promoted the EV71 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity through the PEST repeats and affected several other viruses. Finally, GADD34 amino acids 563 to 565 interacted with 3CD, assisting GADD34 to target the EV71 IRES. Our research reveals a new mechanism by which GADD34 promotes viral IRES and how the EV71 non-structural precursor protein 3CD regulates host protein expression to support viral replication. IMPORTANCE Identification of host factors involved in viral replication is an important approach in discovering viral pathogenic mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Previously, we screened host proteins that were upregulated by EV71 infection. Here, we report the interaction between the upregulated host protein GADD34 and EV71. EV71 non-structural precursor protein 3CD activates the RNA and protein expression of GADD34. Our study reveals that 3CD regulates the uORF of the 5′-UTR to increase GADD34 translation, providing a new explanation for how viral proteins regulate host protein expression. GADD34 is important for EV71 replication, and the key functional domains of GADD34 that promote EV71 are PEST 1, 2, and 3 regions. We report that GADD34 promotes viral IRES for the first time and this process is independent of its eIF2α phosphatase activity.
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