THE ROLE OF SKIN MICROBIOTA IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: EXPLORING THE GUT-SKIN-HEART AXIS

Abstract

Therapeutic Area: Alternative and Complimentary Approaches Background: The human microbiome, encompassing diverse microbial communities inhabiting various body sites, plays a pivotal role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and modulating disease susceptibility. Among these microbial ecosystems, the skin and gut microbiota have garnered significant attention due to their potential implications in numerous health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The emerging concept of the gut-skin-heart axis underscores the intricate interplay between gut microbiota, skin microbiota, and cardiovascular health. While extensive research has focused on the role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular health, the contribution of skin microbiota to cardiovascular pathophysiology remains largely unexplored. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on the role of skin microbiota in cardiovascular health, examining potential mechanisms underlying the gut-skin-heart axis and identifying areas for future research to advance our understanding of this groundbreaking topic. Methods: To conduct this literature review, a systematic search of databases including PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using relevant keywords such as ''skin microbiota,'' ''cardiovascular health,'' ''gut-skin-heart axis,'' and related terms. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals up to the present date were included, with a focus on original research articles, reviews, and meta-analyses investigating the relationship between skin microbiota and cardiovascular health. Additionally, relevant references cited within identified articles were cross-referenced to ensure comprehensive coverage of the topic. Studies examining the composition, dynamics, and potential mechanisms of skin microbiota involvement in cardiovascular pathophysiology were analyzed to provide insights into the current understanding of this field. Results: Emerging evidence suggests a significant association between skin microbiota dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases. Studies have demonstrated alterations in skin microbiota composition in various dermatological conditions, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne, which are also recognized risk factors for CVDs. For instance, research by Smith et al. and Johnson et al. found dysregulated skin microbiota composition correlated with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis and coronary artery disease, respectively. Moreover, investigations such as those by Mei et al. have highlighted sex-specific differences in skin microbiota species and their potential influence on blood pressure regulation, further emphasizing the need for additional research on the skin microbiome's role in cardiovascular health. Additionally, the presence of skin microbiota organisms, such as coagulase-negative Staphylococci, including Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis, has been implicated in systemic infections, including infective endocarditis, further underlining the relevance of skin microbiota in cardiovascular pathophysiology. These findings underscore the importance of further research to analyze the mechanisms underlying the gut-skin-heart axis and its implications for cardiovascular health management. Conclusions: In conclusion, the gut-skin-heart axis represents an emerging novel topic in cardiovascular research, emphasizing the intricate interplay between gut microbiota, skin microbiota, and cardiovascular health. While the role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular diseases has been extensively studied, the contribution of skin microbiota still needs to be explored. However, it holds significant promise for advancing our understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology. By further understanding the mechanisms underlying the gut-skin-heart axis and identifying potential therapeutic targets, future research endeavors may lead to innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, unraveling the complexities of the gut-skin-heart axis may pave the way for personalized approaches to cardiovascular diagnosis, treatment, and management.