Plant-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Advances in the New Millennium towards Understanding Their Therapeutic Role in Biomedical Applications
Mahadevamurthy Murali,
Nataraj Kalegowda,
Hittanahallikoppal G. Gowtham,
Mohammad Azam Ansari,
Mohammad N. Alomary,
Saad Alghamdi,
Natarajamurthy Shilpa,
Sudarshana B. Singh,
M. C. Thriveni,
Mohammed Aiyaz,
Nataraju Angaswamy,
Nanjaiah Lakshmidevi,
Syed F. Adil,
Mohammad R. Hatshan,
Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh
Affiliations
Mahadevamurthy Murali
Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Nataraj Kalegowda
Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Hittanahallikoppal G. Gowtham
Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Mohammad Azam Ansari
Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Mohammad N. Alomary
National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
Saad Alghamdi
Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia
Natarajamurthy Shilpa
Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Sudarshana B. Singh
Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
M. C. Thriveni
Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Thally Road, TVS Nagar, Hosur 635109, Tamil Nadu, India
Mohammed Aiyaz
Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Nataraju Angaswamy
Department of Biochemistry, Karnataka State Open University, Mukthagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Nanjaiah Lakshmidevi
Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Syed F. Adil
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Mohammad R. Hatshan
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh
Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have become one of the most popular metal oxide nanoparticles and recently emerged as a promising potential candidate in the fields of optical, electrical, food packaging, and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low cost. They have a role in cell apoptosis, as they trigger excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and release zinc ions (Zn2+) that induce cell death. The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the plant extracts appear to be simple, safer, sustainable, and more environmentally friendly compared to the physical and chemical routes. These biosynthesized nanoparticles possess strong biological activities and are in use for various biological applications in several industries. Initially, the present review discusses the synthesis and recent advances of zinc oxide nanoparticles from plant sources (such as leaves, stems, bark, roots, rhizomes, fruits, flowers, and seeds) and their biomedical applications (such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, photocatalytic, wound healing, and drug delivery), followed by their mechanisms of action involved in detail. This review also covers the drug delivery application of plant-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles, focusing on the drug-loading mechanism, stimuli-responsive controlled release, and therapeutic effect. Finally, the future direction of these synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles’ research and applications are discussed.
