Protection levels of N95-level respirator substitutes proposed during the COVID-19 pandemic: safety concerns and quantitative evaluation procedures

• Jesse Hu,
• David H Ballard,
• Audrey J Dang,
• Benjamin M Kumfer,
• Patricia B Weisensee,
• J Mark Meacham,
• Alex R Scott,
• Mary Ruppert-Stroescu,
• Broc A Burke,
• Jason Morris,
• Connie Gan,
• Bradley King,
• Udayabhanu Jammalamadaka,
• Sena Sayood,
• Stephen Liang,
• Shruti Choudhary,
• David Dhanraj,
• Bruno Maranhao,
• Christine Millar,
• J Tyler Bertroche,
• Nirah Shomer,
• Pamela K Woodard,
• Pratim Biswas,
• Richard Axelbaum,
• Guy Genin,
• Brent J Williams,
• Kathleen Meacham

Affiliations

Jesse Hu

4 School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

David H Ballard

1 School of Medicine Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

Audrey J Dang

2 Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Benjamin M Kumfer

2 Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Patricia B Weisensee

3 Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

J Mark Meacham

3 Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Alex R Scott

4 School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Mary Ruppert-Stroescu

5 Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Broc A Burke

6 Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Jason Morris

4 School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Connie Gan

4 School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Bradley King

7 Department of Environmental Health & Safety, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Udayabhanu Jammalamadaka

1 School of Medicine Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

Sena Sayood

8 Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Stephen Liang

8 Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Shruti Choudhary

2 Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

David Dhanraj

2 Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Bruno Maranhao

6 Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Christine Millar

9 Department of Anesthesiology, Memorial Hospital Belleville, St Louis, Missouri, USA

J Tyler Bertroche

10 Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Nirah Shomer

11 Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Pamela K Woodard

1 School of Medicine Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

Pratim Biswas

2 Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Richard Axelbaum

2 Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Guy Genin

3 Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Brent J Williams

2 Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

Kathleen Meacham

6 Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA