Kinetics of Zn–C Battery Leaching with Choline Chloride/Urea Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents
Irlanda G. Cruz-Reyes,
Jorge A. Mendoza-Pérez,
Rosario Ruiz-Guerrero,
Dulce Y. Medina-Velázquez,
Luis G. Zepeda-Vallejo,
Ángel de J. Morales-Ramírez
Affiliations
Irlanda G. Cruz-Reyes
Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ESIME, Edificio 2, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, CDMX 07738, Mexico
Jorge A. Mendoza-Pérez
Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ENCB, Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales, Campus Santo Tomás, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, CDMX 11340, Mexico
Rosario Ruiz-Guerrero
Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CIITEC, Calle Cerrada CECATI S/N Col. Santa Catarina Azcapotzalco, CDMX 02250, Mexico
Dulce Y. Medina-Velázquez
Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, CDMX 02120, Mexico
Luis G. Zepeda-Vallejo
Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, CDMX 02120, Mexico
Ángel de J. Morales-Ramírez
Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ENCB, Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales, Campus Santo Tomás, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, CDMX 11340, Mexico
A choline chloride/urea natural deep eutectic solvent (ChCl NADES) was prepared via a green chemistry method and used to leach Zn and Mn oxides from conventional Zn–C scrap batteries. FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the NADES. The leaching kinetics of the Zn and Mn oxides was monitored at isothermal conditions (80, 100, 125, and 150 °C) and at two solid/NADES ratios: 3.3 and 10 g dm−3. It was possible to dissolve Zn and Mn oxides under all of tested conditions, reaching more than a 95% recovery for both metals at 150 °C after 90 min, whereas, at 25 °C, it was possible to leach up to 90% of the Zn and 30% of the Mn after 4320 min (72 h). Furthermore, the leaching kinetics was controlled by the boundary layer, coincident with a shrinking core model. According to the Arrhenius plot, the activation energy for Zn ranges from 49.13 to 52.21 kJ mol−1, and that for Mn ranges from 46.97 to 66.77 kJ mol−1.
