Genomic Patterns of Iberian Wild Bees Reveal Levels of Diversity, Differentiation and Population Structure, Supporting the “Refugia within Refugia” Hypothesis
Paulo de Sousa,
André Henriques,
Sara E. Silva,
Luísa G. Carvalheiro,
Guy Smagghe,
Denis Michez,
Thomas J. Wood,
Octávio S. Paulo
Affiliations
Paulo de Sousa
cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
André Henriques
cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
Sara E. Silva
cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
Luísa G. Carvalheiro
cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
Guy Smagghe
Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Denis Michez
Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
Thomas J. Wood
Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
Octávio S. Paulo
cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
We used a population genomic approach to unravel the population structure, genetic differentiation, and genetic diversity of three widespread wild bee species across the Iberian Peninsula, Andrena agilissima, Andrena flavipes and Lasioglossum malachurum. Our results demonstrated that genetic lineages in the Ebro River valley or near the Pyrenees mountains are different from the rest of Iberia. This relatively congruent pattern across species once more supports the hypothesis of “refugia within refugia” in the Iberian Peninsula. The results for A. flavipes and A. agilissima showed an unexpected pattern of genetic differentiation, with the generalist polylectic A. flavipes having lower levels of genetic diversity (Ho = 0.0807, He = 0.2883) and higher differentiation (FST = 0.5611), while the specialist oligolectic A. agilissima had higher genetic diversity (Ho = 0.2104, He = 0.3282) and lower differentiation values (FST = 0.0957). For L. malachurum, the smallest and the only social species showed the lowest inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 0.1009) and the lowest differentiation level (FST = 0.0663). Overall, our results, suggest that this pattern of population structure and genetic diversity could be explained by the combined role of past climate changes and the life-history traits of the species (i.e., size, sociality and host-plant specialization), supporting the role of the Iberian refugia as a biodiversity hotspot.
