Stroke Alters the Function of Enteric Neurons to Impair Smooth Muscle Relaxation and Dysregulates Gut Transit

Abstract

Background Gut dysmotility is common after ischemic stroke, but the mechanism underlying this response is unknown. Under homeostasis, gut motility is regulated by the neurons of the enteric nervous system that control contractile/relaxation activity of muscle cells in the gut wall. More recently, studies of gut inflammation revealed interactions of macrophages with enteric neurons are also involved in modulating gut motility. However, whether poststroke gut dysmotility is mediated by direct signaling to the enteric nervous system or indirectly via inflammatory macrophages is unknown. Methods and Results We examined these hypotheses by using a clinically relevant permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion experimental model of stroke. At 24 hours after stroke, we performed in vivo and ex vivo gut motility assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomic analysis. Stroke‐induced gut dysmotility was associated with recruitment of muscularis macrophages into the gastrointestinal tract and redistribution of muscularis macrophages away from myenteric ganglia. The permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion model caused changes in gene expression in muscularis macrophages consistent with an altered phenotype. While the size of myenteric ganglia after stroke was not altered, myenteric neurons from post–permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion mice showed a reduction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression, and this response was associated with enhanced intestinal smooth muscle contraction ex vivo. Finally, chemical sympathectomy with 6‐hydroxydopamine prevented the loss of myenteric neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and stroke‐induced slowed gut transit. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that activation of the sympathetic nervous system after stroke is associated with reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in myenteric neurons, resulting in impaired smooth muscle relaxation and dysregulation of gut transit.

Keywords

• brain–gut axis
• cerebral ischemia
• gut motility
• muscularis macrophages
• sympathetic nervous system