Abnormality of anxious behaviors and functional connectivity between the amygdala and the frontal lobe in maternally deprived monkeys

Abstract

Abstract Objective Anxious behaviors often occur in individuals who have experienced early adversity. Anxious behaviors can bring many hazards, such as social withdrawal, eating disorders, negative self‐efficacy, self‐injurious thoughts and behaviors, anxiety disorders, and even depression. Abnormal behavior are is closely related to changes in corresponding circuit functions in the brain. This study investigated the relationship between brain circuits and anxious behaviors in maternal‐deprived rhesus monkey animal model, which mimic early adversity in human. Methods Twenty‐five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were grouped by two different rearing conditions: 11 normal control and mother‐reared (MR) monkeys and 14 maternally deprived and peer‐reared (MD) monkeys. After obtaining images of the brain areas with significant differences in maternal separation and normal control macaque function, the relationship between functional junction intensity and stereotypical behaviors was determined by correlation analysis. Results The correlation analysis revealed that stereotypical behaviors were negatively correlated with the coupling between the left lateral amygdala subregion and the left inferior frontal gyrus in both MD and MR macaques. Conclusion This study suggests that early adversity‐induced anxious behaviors are associated with changes in the strength of the amygdala–prefrontal connection. The normalization of the regions involved in the functional connection might reverse the behavioral abnormality. It provides a solid foundation for effective intervention in human early adversity. Significance Statement This study suggests that early adversity‐induced anxious behaviors are associated with changes in the strength of the amygdala–prefrontal connection. The higher the amygdala–prefrontal connection strength, the less stereotyped behaviors exhibited by monkeys experiencing early adversity. Thus, in the future, changing the strength of the amygdala–prefrontal connection may reverse the behavioral abnormalities of individuals who experience early adversity. This study provides a solid foundation for effective intervention in humans' early adversity.

Keywords

• amygdala–prefrontal connection
• anxious behaviors
• brain circuits
• maternal deprivation
• rhesus monkeys