Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, United States; Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
Tito J Kibona
Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
William de Glanville
School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Joram J Buza
Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Blandina T Mmbaga
Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
Nick Wheelhouse
School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Elisabeth A Innes
Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Obed M Nyasebwa
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
Emanuel Swai
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
John R Claxton
School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Sarah Cleaveland
School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Lack of data on the aetiology of livestock diseases constrains effective interventions to improve livelihoods, food security and public health. Livestock abortion is an important disease syndrome affecting productivity and public health. Several pathogens are associated with livestock abortions but across Africa surveillance data rarely include information from abortions, little is known about aetiology and impacts, and data are not available to inform interventions. This paper describes outcomes from a surveillance platform established in Tanzania spanning pastoral, agropastoral and smallholder systems to investigate causes and impacts of livestock abortion. Abortion events were reported by farmers to livestock field officers (LFO) and on to investigation teams. Events were included if the research team or LFO could attend within 72 hr. If so, samples and questionnaire data were collected to investigate (a) determinants of attribution; (b) patterns of events, including species and breed, previous abortion history, and seasonality; (c) determinants of reporting, investigation and attribution; (d) cases involving zoonotic pathogens. Between 2017–2019, 215 events in cattle (n=71), sheep (n=44), and goats (n=100) were investigated. Attribution, achieved for 19.5% of cases, was significantly affected by delays in obtaining samples. Histopathology proved less useful than PCR due to rapid deterioration of samples. Vaginal swabs provided practical and sensitive material for pathogen detection. Livestock abortion surveillance, even at a small scale, can generate valuable information on causes of disease outbreaks, reproductive losses and can identify pathogens not easily captured through other forms of livestock disease surveillance. This study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a surveillance system, achieved through engagement of community-based field officers, establishment of practical sample collection and application of molecular diagnostic platforms.