Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way

Abstract

Using Gaia Data Release 3 astrometry and spectroscopy, we study two new substructures in the orbit–metallicity space of the inner Milky Way: Shakti and Shiva. They were identified as two confined, high-contrast overdensities in the ( L _z , E ) distribution of bright ( G < 16) and metal-poor (−2.5 < [M/H] < − 1.0) stars. Both have stellar masses of M _⋆ ≳ 10 ^7 M _⊙ , and are distributed on prograde orbits inside the solar circle in the Galaxy. Both structures have an orbit-space distribution that points toward an accreted origin; however, their abundance patterns—from APOGEE—are such that are conventionally attributed to an in situ population. These seemingly contradictory diagnostics could be reconciled if we interpret the abundances [Mg/Fe], [Al/Fe], [Mg/Mn] versus [Fe/H] distribution of their member stars merely as a sign of rapid enrichment. This would then suggest one of two scenarios. Either these prograde substructures were created by some form of resonant orbit trapping of the field stars by the rotating bar; a plausible scenario proposed by Dillamore et al. Or, Shakti and Shiva were protogalactic fragments that formed stars rapidly and coalesced early, akin to the constituents of the poor old heart of the Milky Way, just less deep in the Galactic potential and still discernible in orbit space.

Keywords

• Milky Way stellar halo
• Galactic abundances
• Galactic archaeology
• the Milky Way
• Galaxy kinematics
• Surveys