Difference of achalasia subtypes based on clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, and stasis scores

Abstract

Introduction: Three subtypes of achalasia have been defined through high-resolution esophageal manometry: subtype i shows no pressurization with swallows, subtype ii has increased isobaric panesophageal pressure, and subtype iii has distal esophageal spastic non-isobaric contractions. Studies describing the subtypes based on radiographic findings, clinical symptoms, and stasis scores are limited. Aim: To determine the differences in clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, and stasis scores for the 3 achalasia subtypes. Methods: Patients undergoing high-resolution esophageal manometry received a questionnaire about current symptoms and previous treatments. The questions included the presence of symptoms and their severity. Barium swallow tests were performed before the high-resolution esophageal manometry study to evaluate the maximum esophageal diameter. Stasis scores were calculated using the transit patterns on high-resolution esophageal manometry. Results: One hundred and eight patients with high-resolution esophageal manometry diagnosis of achalasia (n = 8, subtype i; n = 84, subtype ii; n = 16, subtype iii) within the time frame of 1/2012-6/2015 were included in the study. Sex distribution was similar between the subtypes. Patient age was younger for subtype i (38 ± 16 years), compared with subtypes ii (55 ± 17 years) and iii (63 ± 17 years) (P=.03). Esophageal symptoms did not differ between subtypes regarding the severity of nausea, chest pain, coughing, and heartburn, except for increased vomiting severity in subtype i (2.8 ± 1.4 vs. 1.4 ± 1.4 vs. 1.2 ± 1.2, P<.01). A significant radiographic difference in esophageal dilation was seen between subtypes ii and iii (35.1 ± 14.4 vs. 24.0 ± 7.2 mm, P=.023). Stasis scores did not significantly differ between the subtypes. Conclusions: Achalasia subtypes had similar clinical symptoms, except for increased vomiting severity in subtype i. The maximum esophageal diameter in subtype ii was significantly greater than in subtype iii. Esophageal stasis scores were similar. Thus, high-resolution esophageal manometry remains essential in assessing achalasia subtypes.

Keywords

• Achalasia
• Barium esophagram
• Esophageal manometry