Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции (Oct 2019)
In vitro cultivation of the embryos of hybrid forms of early-ripening sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) varieties
Abstract
Russia does not possess as many highly adaptable, technological, early-ripening varieties of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) as would suffice to feel comfortable. Therefore, breeders are faced with the task of obtaining hybrid seeds as soon as possible. This task is not easy because of low field germination rates of hybrid seeds. The goal of our research was to select the best environments and ways to reduce infection while obtaining the largest number of full-fledged sweet cherry seedlings from intraspecific hybridization in vitro and to accelerate the selection process. Work on the in vitro cultivation of germs of intraspecific hybrids from four combinations of crosses of the promising varieties and sweet cherry donors ‘Valerij Chkalov’ × ‘Svithart’, ‘Krasnodarskaya Rannaya’ × ‘Krupnoplodnaya’, ‘Jaroslavna’ × ‘Svееthart’, ‘Еiforiya’ × ‘Svееthart’ under the “early-ripening and large-fruited” program started with prebreeding and the selection of maternal and paternal forms of sweet cherries. In the course of research, the terms of taking fruits for planting in vitro culture have been determined, which correspond to the end of May and the beginning of June. The process of sterilization from saprophytic microflora of fruits, stone and seeds before cultivation has been optimized. Three modified media with macro- and microelements based on Murashige and Skoog, Prunus and Smirnova were tested and assessed for suitability for cultivation of cherry embryos. According to the results of the experiments, an agarized M4 artificial nutrient medium based on the Murashige and Skoog formulations with the addition of ascorbic acid and sucrose was proposed as the most optimal for germination and providing excellent nutrition. Mass germination from bud seedlings of these hybrid combinations of sweet cherry crosses, when applying the developed scheme, was noted in our experiments as early as in the first decade of July, i. e. about a month and a half after putting them into culture. The efficiency of growing hybrid seedlings of early-ripening sweet cherries with the use of embryo culture is indisputable, since it makes it possible to produce hybrids in the same year when the crosses are made.
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