برنامه ریزی فضایی (Apr 2022)
The Role of Urban Design Qualities in Metro Stations Approaching Indigenous Patterns:(Case Imam Khomeini, Haft-e-Tir, and Enghelab Stations in Focus)
Abstract
Abstract:Subway stations are one of the most popular public spaces in the Iranian big cities, which is accompanied by urban design low qualities. The urban design of knowledge, art, and profession is the organization of the environmental qualities of the urban and public domain of the subject. Considering low qualities in these modern spaces that are used by everyday people, the most important issue of the present research is constructed without reference to indigenous fields. Emphasis on indigenous patterns, in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the sustainability and desirability of these spaces. The development of urban-rural spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of contemporary large and populated cities. Construction and construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities such as Tehran. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to explain the status of the design of urban design in metro station spaces, with emphasis on indigenous patterns. The present study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical methodology and studies between the three areas of urban design and related qualities; subsurface development and metro station spaces; native architectural and urban design patterns. Therefore, after the design of the problem and terminology, the study of definitions and urban design qualities from the point of view of the experts and the addition and extraction of comprehensive urban design qualities was done with the article approach. Subsequently, in order to study Imam Khomeini, Seventh, and Revolution Square subway stations, they were studied and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the planning and design of metro station spaces should pay attention to the comprehensive design quality of the city. These qualities include identity recognition, environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, accessibility and accessibility, continuity and integrity, proportions and human scale, freedom, flexibility, Vitality, intuition and sensual richness, justice. The analysis of case examples, both in terms of both generic and indigenous patterns, has a low status and poor quality of urban design and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to the design qualities of a design based on native patterns can enhance their sustainability, utility, and humanity.IntroductionUrban design is a science, art, and profession dealing with organizing the environmental qualities of urban and public areas. Paying attention to the vacuum of urban design qualities in these modern spaces that are used daily by people is the most important issue of the present study, which has been constructed without any connection with local contexts. By presenting this issue, the purpose of this study is to explain the position of urban design qualities in metro station spaces with an emphasis on local patterns. In the process of urban development, all aspects of environmental quality must be considered. In other words, strengthening or meeting one or more (private and public) needs and environmental quality should not lead to the weakening or loss of other environmental qualities. This is an issue common in contemporary projects. One-dimensional views of urban projects, such as a purely economic or traffic approach, will neglect the underlying features, undermine identity, and move in the opposite direction of sustainable development. The theme of this research is that, on the one hand, the development of urban infrastructures such as metro stations, especially in large cities and their centers, is a matter of certainty and these infrastructures in the dimensions of transportation, space, play an important role in the life of urban centers. But on the other hand, the construction of these spaces is often devoid of environmental qualities and less attention is paid to local patterns. The research hypothesis is that by accompanying and using local models in the planning and development of subsurface spaces, both goals can be achieved, namely the development of urban infrastructure, strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. Therefore, this study seeks solutions to use local patterns in the development of subsurface spaces and subway stations. Research Methods This study aims to analyze the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations. The study is conducted using a combined research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods). In this regard, the most important research question is: What is the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations? Also, the research sub-questions are: What are the qualities of urban design effective in the design of metro stations? What are the ways to apply these qualities with emphasis on indigenous patterns in subway stations? In this research, while analyzing the features and qualities of native patterns, the application of these patterns, related features, and qualities in the planning and design of contemporary underground spaces in our country are discussed and solutions and suggestions are presented. Therefore, while defining these concepts from the theorists’ point of view, we summarize and conclude these definitions, and then search for native patterns of architecture and urban planning for use in the planning and design of metro stations. Research Findings The results of the study show that in planning and designing metro station spaces, comprehensive qualities of urban design should be considered. These qualities include identity, legibility, environmental sustainability, social, cultural and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, pedestrianism and ease of access, cohesion and integration, human proportions and scale, freedom, flexibility, vitality, attractiveness and sensory richness, and justice. The analysis of case studies, both in terms of general qualities and indigenous patterns, indicates the low and weak position of urban design qualities and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to urban-design qualities with a focus on indigenous patterns can promote their sustainability, desirability, and humanity. Emphasis on indigenous patterns in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the stability and desirability of these spaces. The development of suburban urban spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of large and densely populated contemporary cities. The construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities like Tehran.From all these issues, it can be concluded that the role of subsurface spaces, including metro stations, in the sustainable development of cities, should be taken seriously and the comprehensive realization of environmental qualities should be considered by avoiding one-dimensional approaches in planning and designing these spaces. It can also be said that traditional Iranian indigenous buildings and collections such as Gudal Baghcheh, Shovadan, Cistern, the historical bazaar have valuable structural features (in terms of the form and function on architectural and urban scales) and can be a local model for the development of metro station spaces. Given that our country is on the verge of developing such spaces, paying attention to these points can play an important role in stabilizing cities and strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. These templates and design guides can be used in the planning and design of metro station complexes. Since the metro network is one of the most widely used underground spaces in large cities, the subsurface development in relation to metro stations and using the native patterns studied in this research can be useful and effective. Keywords: Urban Design Qualities, Metro Stations, Urban Underground Space, Indigenous Patterns, Tehran Metro. References- Alexander, C., & Chermayev, S. (1992). The book areas of collective and private life. Translated by Manouchehr Mozyani. Tehran: Tehran University Press.- Appleyard, D., & Jacobs, A. (1987). Toward an urban design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1), 112-120.- . (2007). Charter of new urbanism. Translated by Alireza Danesh and Reza Basiri Mozhdehi. First Edition. , Tehran: Urban Planning and Processing Company Publications.- Bacon, E. (1997). Urban design. Translated by Farzaneh Taheri. First Edition. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Publications of the Center for Studies and Research and Urban Planning and Architecture.- Bahreini, S. H. (2003). Urban design process. Second Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press (in Persian).- Bentley, E., Alkak, A., Maureen, P., Somak, G., & Smith, G. (2003). Responding environments: Design handbook. Translated by Mostafa Behzadfar. First Edition. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology Publication.- Carmona, M. (2003). Public space urban space. New York: Architectural Press.- Carmona, M., De Magalhães, C., & Hammond, L. (2008). Public space: The management dimension. Routledge.- Cowan, R. (2006). Urban design guidance documents. Translated by Kourosh Golkar and Solmaz Hosseiniun. First Edition. Tehran: Islamic Publication.- Cowan, R., & Rogers, L. (2005). The dictionary of urbanism. Tisbury: Streetwise Press.- Gehl, J. (2005). Exterior spaces and outdoor activities, articles on sustainable urban development. Translated by Kianoosh Zakir Haghighi. Tehran: Urban Planning and Architecture Research Center Publication.- Golkar, K. (1999). Exploration in the definition of urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning and Research Center (in Persian).- Golkar, K. (2000). Constructive components of urban design quality. Soffeh Journal, 32, 38-65 (in Persian).- Guten, A. (1978). Urbanism in the service of man. Translated by Houshang Naghi. Tehran: National University of Iran Press (Shahid Beheshti).- Hashemi, S. (2013). The shine of civilization in the depths of the earth an overview of Iran's underground structures from the past to the present. First Edition. Tehran: Shadrang Publication (in Persian).- Jacobs, J. (2007). The life and death of American big cities. Translated by Hamid Reza Parsi and Arezoo Aflatouni. Tehran: Tehran University Press.- Lang, J. (2007). Urban design, typology, procedures and designs with more than fifty special cases. Translated by Seyed Hossein Bahreini. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press.- Lynch, K. (2005). Theory of city shape. Translated by Seyed Hossein Bahreini. Third Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press.- Madani Pour, A. (2000). Urban space design: An attitude towards a social-spatial process. Translated by Farhad Mortezaei. Tehran: Urban Planning and Processing Company (in Persian).- Molaei, A. (2012). Sustainable urban development using underground spaces Development Approach-A case study: Tajrish square, Tehran. Journal of Tunneling and Underground Space Engineering, 1(1), 69-88 (in Persian).- Molaei, A. (2015). Development of urban underground spaces approaching to urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Armanshahr Publication (in Persian).- Molaei, A. (2019). Development of new strategic urban subsurface spaces in urban development. Journal of Urban Structure and Function, 18, 57-86 (in Persian).- Mozaffari, A., Hashemi, S., & Molaei, A. (2014). Analytical and comparative study of planning, legal and property considerations in the process of construction of underground spaces of the city. Journal of Tunnel Engineering and Underground Spaces, 3(2), 119-131 (in Persian).- Mumford, L. (2006). Culture of cities. Translated by Aref Aghvami Moghaddam. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Publications of the Center for Studies and Research and Urban Planning and Architecture.- Pakzad, J. (2006). Theoretical foundations and process of urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Shahidi Publication (in Persian).- Paumier, C. B. (2010). Creation of a vibrant urban center. Translated by Mostafa Behzadfar and Amir Shakibamanesh. First Edition. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology Publication.- Sterling, R., & Karmoudi, J. (2009). Designing underground spaces. Translated by Vahidreza Ebrahimi. First Edition. Mashhad: Marandiz Publication.- Tavassoli, M., & Bonyadi, N. (1992). Urban space design, urban spaces and their place in urban life and appearance. Tehran: Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center (in Persian).- Tehran and Suburbs Railway Company (1998). First stage studies of G-1 station, architecture and structure. Tehran: Bad Band Consulting Engineers Company.- Telford, T. (2000). By design, urban design in the planning system: Towards better practice. The Regions, Commission for Architecture, the Built Environment, Great Britain: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment.- Tibalds, F. (2006). Popular urbanism: Improving the public environment in large and small cities. Translated by Hassan Ali Laghaei and Firoozeh Jadali. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press.- Zite, C. (2006). Building a city based on artistic principles. Translated by Fereydoon Gharib. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press.
Keywords