Greenhouse gas and volatile organic compound emissions of additive-treated whole-plant maize silage: part A—anaerobic fermentation period

Abstract

Abstract Background Silage emits climate- and environment-relevant gases during fermentation and feed-out periods. This trial aimed to determine the unknown carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, ethanol, and ethyl acetate emissions of constant maize silage material over both periods. The results will be published in two consecutive articles (Part A: anaerobic fermentation period, Part B: aerobic storage period). Methods The untreated control (CON) was compared with the chemical additive treatment (CHE; 0.5 g sodium benzoate and 0.3 g potassium sorbate per kg fresh matter) and the biological additive treatment (BIO; 108 colony-forming units (CFU) Lentilactobacillus buchneri and 107 CFU Lactiplantibacillus plantarum per kg fresh matter). Barrel silos (n = 4) were connected to gas bags to quantify gas formation during anaerobic fermentation (30 or 135 ensiling days). Glass jar silos (n = 12) were used for laboratory silage analysis. Results CHE produced significantly (p < 0.05) less gas (6.7 ± 0.3 L per kg dry matter ensiled material (kgDM) until ensiling day 14.0 ± 0.0) and ethanol (8.6 ± 1.5 mg kgDM –1) than CON did (8.5 ± 0.2 L kgDM –1 until ensiling day 19.5 ± 6.4; 12.2 ± 1.5 (mg ethanol) kgDM –1). BIO indicates prolonged gas formation (9.1 ± 0.9 L kgDM –1 until ensiling day 61.3 ± 51.9; 12.0 ± 2.1 mg kgDM –1). CO2 is the main component of the gas formed. All treatments formed methane and nitrous oxide in small quantities. CON emitted significantly more CO2eq emissions than BIO and less than CHE (p < 0.05). Additives had no effect on ethyl acetate gas emissions. For BIO, ethanol concentrations in the material (r S = 0.609, p < 0.05) and gas quantities (r S = 0.691, p < 0.05) correlate with ethyl acetate gas quantities. All the treatments exhibited decreasing gas and CO2 quantities, and the dry matter mass increased between ensiling days 14 and 30 (− 0.810 ≤ r S ≤ 0.442; p < 0.05 to p = 0.20). Conclusion Silage generates climate- and environmental-relevant gases during fermentation and silage additives affect this pattern. Gas formation exceeds the fixation potential, and the carbon footprint of silage fermentation is negative. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Carbon dioxide
• Carbon footprint
• Corn silage
• Ethanol
• Ethyl acetate
• Lactic acid bacteria