Frontiers in Public Health (Feb 2022)
Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala State, India Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic
- Pragya D. Yadav,
- Rima R. Sahay,
- Anukumar Balakrishnan,
- Sreelekshmy Mohandas,
- Chandni Radhakrishnan,
- Mangesh D. Gokhale,
- R. Balasubramanian,
- Priya Abraham,
- Nivedita Gupta,
- A. P. Sugunan,
- Rajan Khobragade,
- Kalpana George,
- Anita Shete,
- Savita Patil,
- Ullas Padinjaremattathil Thankappan,
- Hitesh Dighe,
- Jijo Koshy,
- Vivek Vijay,
- R. Gayathri,
- P. Jayesh Kumar,
- Asma Rahim,
- A. Naveen,
- Sarala Nair,
- V. R. Rajendran,
- V. Jayasree,
- Triparna Majumdar,
- Rajlaxmi Jain,
- Prasanth Viswanathan,
- Deepak Y. Patil,
- Abhinendra Kumar,
- Dimpal A. Nyayanit,
- Prasad Sarkale,
- Ashwini Waghmare,
- Shrikant Baradkar,
- Pranita Gawande,
- Poonam Bodke,
- Kaumudi Kalele,
- Jyoti Yemul,
- Sachin Dhaigude,
- Manjunath Holepannawar,
- Sanjay Gopale,
- Ganesh Chopade,
- Shilpa Ray,
- Priyanka Waghmare,
- Jitendra Narayan,
- Basavaraj Mathapati,
- Manoj Kadam,
- Abhimanyu Kumar,
- Annasaheb Suryawanshi,
- Beena Philomina Jose,
- Saritha Sivadas,
- N. P. Akash,
- T. V. Vimisha,
- K. V. Keerthi
Affiliations
- Pragya D. Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Rima R. Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Anukumar Balakrishnan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
- Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Chandni Radhakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- Mangesh D. Gokhale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- R. Balasubramanian
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
- Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Nivedita Gupta
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- A. P. Sugunan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
- Rajan Khobragade
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Kalpana George
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Ullas Padinjaremattathil Thankappan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Hitesh Dighe
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Jijo Koshy
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
- Vivek Vijay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
- R. Gayathri
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- P. Jayesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- Asma Rahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- A. Naveen
- National Health Mission, Kozhikode, India
- Sarala Nair
- Health Department, Kozhikode, India
- V. R. Rajendran
- 0Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- V. Jayasree
- 1District Medical Office of Health, Health Department, Kozhikode, India
- Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Prasanth Viswanathan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- Deepak Y. Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Prasad Sarkale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Ashwini Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Shrikant Baradkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Poonam Bodke
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Jyoti Yemul
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Sachin Dhaigude
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Manjunath Holepannawar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Sanjay Gopale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Ganesh Chopade
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Shilpa Ray
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Priyanka Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Jitendra Narayan
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Basavaraj Mathapati
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Manoj Kadam
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Abhimanyu Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Annasaheb Suryawanshi
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Beena Philomina Jose
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- Saritha Sivadas
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- N. P. Akash
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- T. V. Vimisha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- K. V. Keerthi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.818545
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 10
Abstract
We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India, which had caused fatal encephalitis in a 12-year-old boy and the outbreak response, which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA-based antibody detection, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to confirm the NiV infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples for NiV screening by real-time RT-PCR and anti-NiV bat immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Nipah viral RNA could be detected from blood, bronchial wash, endotracheal (ET) secretion, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anti-NiV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from the serum sample of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius (P. medius) and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia (R. leschenaultia). Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P. medius. Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spillover events, which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.
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