Self-similar Buildup and Inside-out Growth: Tracing the Evolution of Intermediate-to-high-mass Star-forming Galaxies since z = 2

Abstract

We aim to discern scenarios of structural evolution of intermediate-to-high-mass star-forming galaxies (SFGs) since cosmic noon by comparing their stellar mass profiles with present-day stellar masses of $\mathrm{log}({M}_{* ,0}/{M}_{\odot })=10.3-11$ . We addressed discrepancies in the size evolution rates of SFGs, which may be caused by variations in sample selection and methods for size measurements. To check these factors, we traced the evolution of individual galaxies by identifying their progenitors using stellar mass growth histories (SMGHs), integrating along the star-forming main sequence and from the IllustrisTNG simulations. Comparison between the structural parameters estimated from the mass- and light-based profiles shows that mass-weighted size evolves at a slower pace compared to light-based ones, highlighting the need to consider the mass-to-light ratio ( M / L ) gradients. Additionally, we observed mass-dependent growth in stellar mass profiles: massive galaxies ( $\mathrm{log}({M}_{* ,0}/{M}_{\odot })\gtrsim 10.8$ ) formed central regions at z ≳ 1.5 and grew faster in outer regions, suggesting inside-out growth, while intermediate-mass and less massive SFGs followed a relatively self-similar mass buildup since z ∼ 2. Moreover, slopes of observed size evolution conflict with the predictions of TNG50 for samples selected using the same SMGHs across our redshift range. To explore the origin of this deviation, we examined changes in angular momentum (AM) retention fraction using the half-mass size evolution and employing a simple disk formation model. Assuming similar dark matter halo parameters, our calculations indicate that the AM inferred from observations halved in the past 10 Gyr while it remained relatively constant in TNG50. This higher AM in simulations may be due to the accretion of high-AM gases into disks.

Keywords

• Galaxies
• Galaxy radii
• Galaxy evolution
• Galaxy structure
• Galaxy disks
• Late-type galaxies