Sex Differences during Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination and Comparison of Cytokine and Antibody Responses between Plasma and Serum Samples

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated sex differences during infection with mouse-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the C57BL/6J mouse model and compared the cytokine and antibody responses between plasma and serum samples during IAV infection and vaccination. Lethal doses for both H1N1 and H3N2 IAVs were lower for adult females and they suffered with greater morbidity than adult males when infected with sublethal doses. In influenza virus-infected mice, cytokine responses differed between plasma and serum samples. After inactivated influenza virus vaccination and drift variant challenge, adult female mice had greater antibody responses and were better protected. In influenza-vaccinated and challenged mice, binding antibodies were unaffected between paired plasma or serum samples. However, functional antibody assays, including hemagglutination inhibition, microneutralization, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays, were affected by the use of plasma and serum sample types. Our results indicate that careful consideration is required while selecting plasma versus serum samples to measure cytokine and antibody responses during IAV infection and vaccination.

Keywords

• antibody responses
• cytokines
• influenza vaccine
• sex difference