Gas/Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Key Functional Substances Regulating Poll Gland Secretion in Male Camels during Seasonal Estrus

Abstract

Increased poll gland secretion is a major characteristic and indicator of estrus in male Bactrian camels; however, research on these poll glands and their secretion is extremely rare. In this study, we determine the chemical composition of poll gland secretions and identify the key functional substances that regulate seasonal estrus in male camels. A GC/LC-MS dual platform was used to analyze ventral hair (control) and neck mane samples containing poll gland secretions from male Bactrian camels during estrus. Multidimensional and single-dimensional analyses were used to screen differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between groups. Functional prediction of enriched metabolites was performed using a Human Metabolome Database comparison and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, which were then compared with a behavioral analysis of male Bactrian camels in estrus. A total of 1172 DEMs and 34 differential metabolic pathways were identified. One metabolite group was found to relate to steroid synthesis and metabolism, and another metabolite group was associated with neural metabolism. Therefore, we speculate that steroids and neurochemicals jointly regulate estrous behavior in male Bactrian camels, thus providing theoretical insights into the development and function of poll glands in Bactrian camels.

Keywords

• Bactrian camel
• poll glands secretion
• seasonal estrus
• GC/LC-MS
• steroids
• dopamine