From the Dawn of Neutrino Astronomy to a New View of the Extreme Universe

Abstract

Over the past decade, neutrino astronomy has emerged as a new window into the extreme and hidden Universe. Current-generation experiments have detected high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin and identified the first sources, opening the field to discovery. Looking ahead, in this Perspective we identify seven major open questions in neutrino astrophysics and particle physics that could lead to transformative discoveries over the next 20 years. These multidisciplinary questions range from understanding the vicinity of a black hole to unveiling the nature of neutrino mass, among other topics. Additionally, we critically review the current experimental capabilities and their limitations and, from there, discuss the interplay between different proposed neutrino telescope technologies and analysis techniques. We firmly believe that achieving the immense discovery potential over the next two decades demands a model of global partnership and specialized, complementary detectors. This collaborative neutrino telescope network will pave the way for a thriving multimessenger era, transforming our understanding of neutrino physics, astrophysics, and the extreme Universe.