HOXD9 regulated mitophagy to promote endothelial progenitor cells angiogenesis and deep vein thrombosis recanalization and resolution

Abstract

Abstract Background Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common vascular surgical disease caused by the coagulation of blood in the deep veins, and predominantly occur in the lower limbs. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are multi-functional stem cells, which are precursors of vascular endothelial cells. EPCs have gradually evolved into a promising treatment strategy for promoting deep vein thrombus dissolution and recanalization through the stimulation of various physical and chemical factors. Methods In this study, we utilized a mouse DVT model and performed several experiments including qRT-PCR, Western blot, tube formation, wound healing, Transwell assay, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry analysis, and immunoprecipitation to investigate the role of HOXD9 in the function of EPCs cells. The therapeutic effect of EPCs overexpressing HOXD9 on the DVT model and its mechanism were also explored. Results Overexpression of HOXD9 significantly enhanced the angiogenesis and migration abilities of EPCs, while inhibiting cell apoptosis. Additionally, results indicated that HOXD9 specifically targeted the HRD1 promoter region and regulated the downstream PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Interestingly, intravenous injection of EPCs overexpressing HOXD9 into mice promoted thrombus dissolution and recanalization, significantly decreasing venous thrombosis. Conclusions The findings of this study reveal that HOXD9 plays a pivotal role in stimulating vascular formation in endothelial progenitor cells, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target for DVT management. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Deep vein thrombosis
• Endothelial progenitor cells
• HOXD9
• Mitophagy
• Angiogenesis