Visualizing the dynamic change of Ocular Response Analyzer waveform using Variational Autoencoder in association with the peripapillary retinal arteries angle

Abstract

Abstract The aim of the current study is to identify possible new Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) waveform parameters related to changes of retinal structure/deformation, as measured by the peripapillary retinal arteries angle (PRAA), using a generative deep learning method of variational autoencoder (VAE). Fifty-four eyes of 52 subjects were enrolled. The PRAA was calculated from fundus photographs and was used to train a VAE model. By analyzing the ORA waveform reconstructed (noise filtered) using VAE, a novel ORA waveform parameter (Monot1-2), was introduced, representing the change in monotonicity between the first and second applanation peak of the waveform. The variables mostly related to the PRAA were identified from a set of 41 variables including age, axial length (AL), keratometry, ORA corneal hysteresis, ORA corneal resistant factor, 35 well established ORA waveform parameters, and Monot1-2, using a model selection method based on the second-order bias-corrected Akaike information criterion. The optimal model for PRAA was the AL and six ORA waveform parameters, including Monot1-2. This optimal model was significantly better than the model without Monot1-2 (p = 0.0031, ANOVA). The current study suggested the value of a generative deep learning approach in discovering new useful parameters that may have clinical relevance.