The chemoprotective hormetic effects of rosmarinic acid
Calabrese Edward J.,
Pressman Peter,
Hayes A. Wallace,
Dhawan Gaurav,
Kapoor Rachna,
Agathokleous Evgenios,
Baldwin Linda A.,
Calabrese Vittorio
Affiliations
Calabrese Edward J.
School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I-N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States of America
Pressman Peter
University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, United States of America
Hayes A. Wallace
Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
Dhawan Gaurav
Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD), University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India
Kapoor Rachna
Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States of America
Agathokleous Evgenios
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Baldwin Linda A.
5 Sapphire Lane, Greenfield, MA, 01301, United States of America
Calabrese Vittorio
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol found in numerous fruits and vegetables, consumed in supplement form, and tested in numerous clinical trials for therapeutic applications due to its putative chemopreventive properties. Rosmarinic acid has been extensively studied at the cellular, whole animal, and molecular mechanism levels, presenting a complex array of multi-system biological effects. Rosmarinic acid-induced hormetic dose responses are widespread, occurring in numerous biological models and cell types for a broad range of endpoints. Consequently, this article provides the first assessment of rosmarinic acid-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses, their quantitative features, mechanistic foundations, extrapolative strengths/limitations, and their biomedical, clinical, and public health implications.
