Fear induce bistability in an ecoepidemiological model involving prey refuge and hunting cooperation

Abstract

This work included a prey-predator eco-epidemiological model where the predator exhibits hunting cooperation factor, and the infected prey exhibits refuge and fear factors. By merging these factors, we endeavor to prove a thorough comprehension of the underlying mechanisms that command the stability and dynamics of ecoepidemiological systems. Mathematically the positiveness and boundedness of system solution are established. Existence conditions of system equilibria and their stability are found and analyzed by testing the characteristic equations of the system. Also, numerical simulation is carried out and which showed bistability and different stability behavior of the system as results of the effect of the system’s parameters.