Green Production of Cladribine by Using Immobilized <i>2′</i>-Deoxyribosyltransferase from <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> Stabilized through a Double Covalent/Entrapment Technology

Abstract

Nowadays, enzyme-mediated processes offer an eco-friendly and efficient alternative to the traditional multistep and environmentally harmful chemical processes. Herein we report the enzymatic synthesis of cladribine by a novel 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase (NDT)-based combined biocatalyst. To this end, Lactobacillus delbrueckii NDT (LdNDT) was successfully immobilized through a two-step immobilization methodology, including a covalent immobilization onto glutaraldehyde-activated biomimetic silica nanoparticles followed by biocatalyst entrapment in calcium alginate. The resulting immobilized derivative, SiGPEI 25000-LdNDT-Alg, displayed 98% retained activity and was shown to be active and stable in a broad range of pH (5–9) and temperature (30–60 °C), but also displayed an extremely high reusability (up to 2100 reuses without negligible loss of activity) in the enzymatic production of cladribine. Finally, as a proof of concept, SiGPEI 25000-LdNDT-Alg was successfully employed in the green production of cladribine at mg scale.

Keywords

• biomimetic silica
• enzyme immobilization
• glutaraldehyde
• entrapment
• calcium alginate
• antineoplastic drug