Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
Arockiasamy Felix Sahayaraj,
Muthukrishnan Mayakrishnan,
Iyyadurai Jenish,
Kaliappan Seeniappan,
Lakshmaiya Natrayan,
Djearamane Sinouvassane,
Tey Lai-Hock,
Wong Ling Shing,
Kayarohanam Saminathan,
Obaid Sami Al,
Alfarraj Saleh,
Sivakumar Subpiramaniyam
Affiliations
Arockiasamy Felix Sahayaraj
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641402, India
Muthukrishnan Mayakrishnan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Sakthi Engineering College, Tamil Nadu-641104, India
Iyyadurai Jenish
Department of Applied Mechanics, Seenu Atoll School, Hulhu-medhoo, Addu City19060, Maldives
Kaliappan Seeniappan
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, KCG College of Technology, Karapakkam, Chennai-600097, Tamil Nadu, India
Lakshmaiya Natrayan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Djearamane Sinouvassane
Biomedical Research Unit and Lab Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai602 105, India
Tey Lai-Hock
Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar31900, Malaysia
Wong Ling Shing
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800Malaysia
Kayarohanam Saminathan
Faculty of Bioeconomics and Health Sciences, Geomatika University College, Kuala Lumpur54200, Malaysia
Obaid Sami Al
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box-2455, Riyadh -11451, Saudi Arabia
Alfarraj Saleh
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Sivakumar Subpiramaniyam
Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea
The tribological properties of the sponge gourd outer skin fiber (SGOSF)-reinforced epoxy composites filled with tamarind seed powder were investigated using a pin-on-disc dry sliding wear testing machine. The fiber and filler contents were kept constant (30 and 7.5 wt%). The fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which increases the bonding strength that has been identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM). A filler content of 7.5 wt% has better hardness due to the embedment of filler with treated fiber and epoxy. Therefore, the SGOSFs/epoxy with 7.5 wt% tamarind filler was chosen for the study of tribological characterization. The lowest specific wear rate of 2.565 × 10−4 mm3·N m−1 was obtained using the design of expert optimization technique for the control factors such as a load of 44.99 N, a sliding distance of 1,701.39 m, and a sliding velocity of 3.36 m·s−1 using a ramp plot at the desirable level of 1. For the gripping material application, the highest coefficient of friction value of 0.51 was obtained by maintaining the specified input parameters, such as a load of 42.15 N, a sliding distance of 1,874.86 m, and a sliding velocity of 4.99 m·s−1 using a ramp plot at the desirable level of 0.927. SEM images were used to investigate the failure mechanism of the worn surfaces, which substantiates the failure of the pure matrix layer on the surface even at low load, followed by the formation of a rarely breakable adhesive layer.
