Modulation of PD-L1 by Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates the induction of melanoma stem cell properties and overcomes immune evasion

Abstract

Abstract Background Melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and tumor immune evasion are two major causes of melanoma progression, but no effective treatment has been found at present. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a principal active component derived from Astragalus membranaceus, showing anti-tumor effects in various tumors including melanoma. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Methods The regulation of APS on self-renewal ability and CSC markers expression in melanoma stem cells (MSCs) was measured by tumor sphere formation and tumorigenicity assays, RT-qPCR, and western blot. Flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate the activation of immune system by APS in melanoma mice. Further, the mechanism was explored based on PD-L1 overexpression and knock-down B16 cells. Results APS attenuated the tumor sphere formation of MSCs in vitro as well as the tumorigenicity in vivo. It also decreased the expression of CD133, BMI1 and CD47. Based on the PD-L1 overexpression and knock-down B16 cells, it was confirmed that APS inhibited the induction of MSCs by down-regulating PD-L1 expression. Meanwhile, APS increased the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+T cells in tumor tissues because of its inhibitory effect on PD-L1. Conclusions APS inhibited MSC induction and overcame tumor immune evasion through reducing PD-L1 expression. This study provided compelling evidence that APS could be a prospective therapeutic agent for treating melanoma.

Keywords

• Melanoma
• Cancer stem cells
• Programmed cell death ligand 1
• Immune evasion
• Astragalus polysaccharide