Bilateral Perivascular Chorioretinal Atrophy Resembling Pigmented Paravenous Chorioretinal Atrophy Post COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Comprehensive Immune Profiling

Abstract

The pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is ongoing and a serious menace to global public health. An ocular manifestation is an initial sign of the infection. To date, a comprehensive immune profile of patients with mild COVID-19 has not been well developed. Here, we report a 53-year-old female who noticed a sudden decrease in visual acuity (VA) in both eyes on the fourth day after COVID-19 infection. At presentation (acute phase), the best-corrected VA (BCVA) on the decimal chart was 0.5 in both the right and left eyes. Color fundus photography showed perivascular chorioretinal atrophy with peripheral pigment loss, similar to the fundus appearance of pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy (PPCRA) in the inferior arcade vessels of both eyes. Optical coherence tomography indicated thinning and blurred boundaries of the outer retina in the lesion sites, implying anatomical destruction. She was followed up without any systemic medications. After approximately 15 weeks (remission phase), the BCVA recovered to 0.6 in the right eye and 0.8 in the left. Systemic immune profiles were analyzed using mass cytometry. In the acute phase, monocytes and basophils were dominantly elevated, which suggested the activation of innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and allergic inflammation. In the remission phase, Th2-like cells, plasmablasts, and neutrophils increased predominantly, implying the maturation of adaptive immunity and the preparedness of innate immunity to combat the infection. Our findings indicate that perivascular chorioretinal atrophy resembling PPCRA is a clinical feature of the ocular phenotype of COVID-19, caused by systemic immune responses.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• cytokine
• hierarchical cluster analysis
• optical coherence tomography
• pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy
• mass cytometry