Eco-epidemiological aspects and risk factors associated with human Chagas disease in rural areas of the state of Piauí, Brazil

Abstract

Abstract Background Piauí is located in Northeastern Brazil, an endemic area for Chagas disease, with the Brazilian semiarid representing the second region in number of people infected by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The state of Piauí is one of the most socially vulnerable territories with direct impact on the access to diagnosis and treatment of Chagas disease for the population living in rural communities. Triatoma brasiliensis is the vector species of greatest epidemiological importance in Northeastern Brazil. We investigated the triatomine fauna and risk factors associated to T. cruzi transmission in two municipalities, Pedro II and Oeiras, located in different mesoregions of Piauí. Methods Twenty-three rural areas were selected for triatomines search and serological survey of the population. The analysis of triatomines consisted on identifying T. cruzi infection index by microscopy and kDNA-PCR followed by parasite genotyping through the use of multilocus PCR to characterize the discrete typing units (DTUS), and the identification of food sources using PCR directed to the 12S rRNA gene of vertebrates and sequencing. Results A total of 1,043 triatomines identified as T. brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Rhodnius nasutus, Rhodnius sp. and Panstrongylus lutzi were collected. The overall positivity for T. cruzi was 4.6% and 11.4% by microscopy and kDNA-PCR, respectively. The DTUs TcV (∼ 44%) and TcI (∼ 43%) were the most prevalent in either single or mixed infections. This is the first report of TcV and TcVI infections in vectors of Piauí. The most frequent blood source was Homo sapiens (46.5%), of which ∼ 42% individuals (28/67) were collected indoors and four of them (14.3%) tested positive for T. cruzi kDNA in Pedro II. Chicken (∼ 19%), domestic cat (∼ 17%) and others were also identified as feeding sources for triatomines. Serological survey revealed 2% seroprevalence. Variables as age over 60 years (p = 0.01), Black race (p = 0.002) and occupation as retired (p = 0.004) significantly influenced the seropositivity. Conclusion Despite the reduced seroprevalence of the population, the epidemiological scenario of Chagas disease in both municipalities highlights the risk of the re-emergence of domestic vector-borne transmission. Ensuring continued entomological surveillance and vector control programs and providing access to diagnosis and treatment for the susceptible population are still needed.

Keywords

• Chagas disease
• Triatomine
• Eco-epidemiology
• Seroprevalence
• Risk factors
• Piauí