Patterns of <i>Kdr</i>-L995F Allele Emergence Alongside Detoxifying Enzymes Associated with Deltamethrin Resistance in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. from North Cameroon
Josiane Etang,
Stanislas Elysée Mandeng,
Philippe Nwane,
Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene,
Jude D. Bigoga,
Wolfgang Eyisap Ekoko,
Achille Jerome Binyang,
Michael Piameu,
Lili Ranaise Mbakop,
Narcisse Mvondo,
Raymond Tabue,
Rémy Mimpfoundi,
Jean Claude Toto,
Immo Kleinschmidt,
Tessa Bellamy Knox,
Abraham Peter Mnzava,
Martin James Donnelly,
Etienne Fondjo
Affiliations
Josiane Etang
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Stanislas Elysée Mandeng
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Philippe Nwane
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Jude D. Bigoga
Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson-University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 3851 Messa, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Wolfgang Eyisap Ekoko
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Achille Jerome Binyang
Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Michael Piameu
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Lili Ranaise Mbakop
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Narcisse Mvondo
Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Raymond Tabue
Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson-University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 3851 Messa, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Rémy Mimpfoundi
Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Jean Claude Toto
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
Immo Kleinschmidt
MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
Tessa Bellamy Knox
World Health Organization Country Liaison Office, Port Vila 99514, Vanuatu
Abraham Peter Mnzava
African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA), Dar es Salaam 11101, Tanzania
Martin James Donnelly
Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
Understanding how multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms occur in malaria vectors is essential for efficient vector control. This study aimed at assessing the evolution of metabolic mechanisms and Kdr L995F/S resistance alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from North Cameroon, following long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution in 2011. Female An. gambiae s.l. emerging from larvae collected in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi, Be-Centre, and Bala in 2011 and 2015, were tested for susceptibility to deltamethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or SSS-tributyl-phosphoro-thrithioate (DEF) synergists, using the World Health Organization’s standard protocol. The Kdr L995F/S alleles were genotyped using Hot Ligation Oligonucleotide Assay. Tested mosquitoes identified using PCR-RFLP were composed of An. arabiensis (68.5%), An. coluzzii (25.5%) and An. gambiae (6%) species. From 2011 to 2015, metabolic resistance increased in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi (up to 89.5% mortality to deltametnrin+synergists in 2015 versus p 95% mortality in 2011 versus 42–94% in 2015; p Kdr L995F allelic frequencies slightly decreased in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi (from 50% to 46%, p > 0.9), while significantly increasing in Be-Centre and Bala (from 0–13% to 18–36%, p < 0.02). These data revealed two evolutionary trends of deltamethrin resistance mechanisms; non-pyrethroid vector control tools should supplement LLINs in North Cameroon.
