Experimental evidence for a current-biased Josephson junction acting as either a macroscopic boson or fermion

Abstract

It is well known that elementary particles in the real 3+1-dimensional world are either bosons or fermions, without exception, and not both. Here, we show that a quantized current-biased Josephson junction (CBJJ), as an artificial macroscopic “particle,” can serve as either a boson or a fermion or the combination, depending on the amplitude of the biased dc current. By using high vacuum two-angle electron beam evaporations, we fabricated CBJJ devices and calibrated their physical parameters by applying low-frequency signal drivings. At 50mK temperature environment, the microwave transmission characteristics of the fabricated CBJJ devices were measured at the low power limit. The experimental results verify the relevant theoretical predictions, i.e., when the bias current is significantly lower than the critical ones of the junctions, the device works in a very linear regime and thus behaves as a harmonic oscillator “boson”; while if the biased current is sufficiently large (especially approaching the junctions' critical currents), the device works manifestly in the nonlinear regime and thus behaves as a two-level artificial atom “fermion.” Therefore, by adjusting the biased dc current, the CBJJ device can be effectively switched from a Bose-type macroscopic particle to a Fermi-type one and thus might open an approach for quantum technology applications at a macroscopic scale.