Diagnosing Tabes Dorsalis in HIV-Negative Patients: Clinical Features, Neuroimaging, and Laboratory Insights in the Modern Antibiotic Era

Abstract

Zhou Zhu,1– 3,* Huizi Gong,4,* Mingjuan Liu,1– 3 Hanlin Zhang,1,2 Leyan Yang,1,2 Xinyi Zhang,5 Heyi Zheng,1,2 Yanfeng Li,6 Mingli Li,7 Jun Li1,2 1Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 5Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; 6Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 7Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mingli Li, Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected] Jun Li, Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]: Tabes dorsalis is a late manifestation of neurosyphilis, characterized by progressive ataxia, lightning pains, loss of proprioception, and urinary incontinence. The absence of a definitive diagnostic standard and the non-specific clinical manifestations have led to a significant rate of misdiagnoses.Methods: Hospitalized patients with tabes dorsalis at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2010 and December 2023 were reviewed.Results: A total of 13 patients were included, with 10 males and 3 females. The median age was 50 years (range, 34– 64). The most frequent initial symptoms were limb numbness (30.8%) and lightning pains (30.8%). Eleven patients (84.6%) received misdiagnoses prior to the final diagnosis. The most frequently observed physical sign was positive Romberg’s sign (84.6%). Notably, Argyll Robertson pupil was presented in 7 subjects (53.8%). Serological tests revealed positive rapid plasma regain (RPR) and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) for all patients. All CSF samples were TPPA-reactive. Intramedullary hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging of spinal MRI was found in 5 patients (38.5%). All patients received anti-syphilitic treatment, with effective treatment recorded in five cases.Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of neurological symptoms and signs in diagnosing tabes dorsalis. Individuals with progressive ataxia and positive Romberg’s sign should be closely monitored for potential neurosyphilis. Integrating clinical features, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging could reduce misdiagnosis and expedite the initiation of anti-syphilitic therapy.Keywords: tabes dorsalis, neurosyphilis, ataxia, cerebrospinal fluid

Keywords

• tabes dorsalis
• neurosyphilis
• ataxia
• cerebrospinal fluid