An assessment of diatom assemblages in the Sea of Okhotsk as a proxy for sea-ice cover

Abstract

Knowledge of past variations in sea-ice extent is crucial for understanding the relationship between climate change and changes in sea ice. Diatom assemblages could be applied as a proxy for paleo-sea-ice extent; this requires accurate information on the modern species that are indicative of sea ice. Scanning electron microscope observations were performed on modern diatom assemblages in sea ice, sinking particles, and surface sediments in the Sea of Okhotsk. A sea-ice sample was collected in the southwestern Sea of Okhotsk near Hokkaido island in February 2013. Fragilariopsis cylindrus was the dominant diatom species in the sea-ice sample, accounting for 87 % of the total diatom assemblage. Time-series sediment traps were deployed during 1998–2000 at two stations, M4 and M6, off Sakhalin island. Total diatom fluxes ranged from 105 to 108 valves m−2 d−1 with noticeable seasonality. During the sea-ice covering period, the total diatom flux decreased by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. The highest diatom fluxes were observed in spring and summer. The diatom species composition in sinking particles also showed pronounced seasonal changes. During summer and fall, the Shionodiscus trifultus group and Neodenticula seminae were the major diatom taxa. During the sea-ice covering period, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Bacterosira bathyomphala resting spores were abundant. Both the sea-ice-related species showed similar flux patterns except for the spring bloom after sea-ice retreat: F. cylindrus fluxes exhibited pronounced spring bloom peaks of 108 valves m−2 d−1; in contrast, the fluxes of Bacterosira bathyomphala resting spores during the spring bloom were 1 order of magnitude lower than those of F. cylindrus. Surface-sediment core XP98-MC4 was obtained near station M6 sediment-trap site off Sakhalin island. The relative abundance of Fragilariopsis cylindrus in the surface-sediment diatom assemblage was only 6.4 %, markedly lower than that in the sediment-trap samples (43.4 %). In the surface sediment, the relative abundances of diatom taxa with heavily silicified valves such as B. bathyomphala resting spores, Shionodiscus variantius, and Thalassionema nitzschioides were greater than their relative abundances in sinking particles.