Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine: basic functions and insights into Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

The locus coeruleus is a pontine nucleus that produces much of the brain’s norepinephrine. Despite its small size, the locus coeruleus is critical for a myriad of functions and is involved in many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the physiology and anatomy of the locus coeruleus system and focus on norepinephrine’s role in synaptic plasticity. We highlight Parkinson’s disease as a disorder with motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be understood as aberrations in the normal functions of locus coeruleus.

Keywords

• catecholamines; copper; neurodegenerative diseases; neuromodulation; neuronal circuits; neuropsychiatric symptoms; noradrenaline; synaptic plasticity