Age- and frequency-dependent changes in dynamic contrast perception in visual snow syndrome

Abstract

Abstract Objective Patients with visual snow syndrome (VSS) suffer from a debilitating continuous (“TV noise-like”) visual disturbance. They report problems with vision at night and palinopsia despite normal visual acuity. The underlying pathophysiology of VSS is largely unknown. Currently, it is a clinical diagnosis based on the patient’s history, an objective test is not available. Here, we tested the hypothesis that patients with VSS have an increased threshold for detecting visual contrasts at particular temporal frequencies by measuring dynamic contrast detection-thresholds. Methods Twenty patients with VSS were compared to age-, gender-, migraine- and aura-matched controls in this case-control study. Subjects were shown bars randomly tilted to the left or right, flickering at six different frequencies (15 Hz, 20 Hz, 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 35 Hz, 40 Hz). The contrast threshold (CT) for detection of left or right tilt was measured in a two-alternative adaptive forced-choice procedure (QUEST). The threshold was defined as the Michelson contrast necessary to achieve the correct response in 75% of the cases. Results The CT increased for higher flicker frequencies (ANOVA: main effect frequency: F (5,180) = 942; p < 0.001), with an additional significant frequency*diagnosis interaction (ANOVA: F (5,180) = 5.00; p < 0.001). This interaction effect was due to an increased CT at a flicker frequency of 15 Hz in the VSS cohort (VSS: MC = 1.17%; controls: MC = 0.77%). At the other frequencies, group comparisons revealed no differences. Furthermore, in the VSS cohort we observed an increase of CT with higher age (r = 0.69; p < 0.001), which was not seen in controls (r = 0.30; p = 0.20). Conclusions This study demonstrates a lower visual contrast sensitivity exclusively at 15 Hz in VSS patients and demonstrates frequency-dependent differences in dynamic contrast vision. The peak sensitivities of both parvo- and magnocellular visual pathways are close to a frequency of about 10 Hz. Therefore, this frequency seems to be of crucial importance in everyday life. Thus, it seems plausible that the impairment of contrast sensitivity at 15 Hz might be an important pathophysiological correlate of VSS. Furthermore, the overall age-related decrease in contrast sensitivity only in VSS patients underscores the vulnerability of dynamic contrast detection in VSS patients. Dynamic CT detection seems to be a promising neurophysiological test that may contribute to the diagnosis of VSS.

Keywords

• Visual snow syndrome
• Contrast threshold
• Dynamic contrast perception
• Visual acuity