Microfluidic assisted low-temperature and speedy synthesis of TiO2/ZnO/GOx with bio/photo active cites for amoxicillin degradation

Abstract

Abstract For the first time, a bio-photo-catalyst is synthesized in a microfluidic platform. The microchannel, which is wall-coated by in situ synthesized bio-photo-catalyst is used as an opto-fluidic reactor for amoxicillin degradation. Analyses including SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV–Vis spectra, and DLS have been used to characterize samples. The structure and morphology of TiO2 in microfluidic assisted synthesis are studied at 70–120 °C. The results show that both single-crystalline anatase sample and two-phase samples of anatase and rutile can be attained. According to SEM images, the smallest size and the narrowest particle size distribution (0.86 nm $$\pm \hspace{0.17em}0.14$$ ± 0.14 ) is achieved by synthesis at 70 °C. Elemental mapping of Ti shows a uniform coating layer on inner walls. Raman signals besides the primary amines in FTIR results show the biological activity of the cross-linked Glucose oxidase (GOx), which is aimed for situ generation of H2O2. FTIR comparison of bulk and spiral microfluidic synthesized ZnO indicates identical bonds. SEM-coupled with performance experimentation reveal that by regulating the flowrate of spiral micromixer for ZnCl2 at 25 µl/min and NaOH at 50 µl/min, the narrowest size distribution and best the bio-photo-catalytic performance of ZnO nanoparticles is observed.