Geographical analysis of fluoride and nitrate and its probabilistic health risk assessment utilizing Monte Carlo simulation and GIS in potable water in rural areas of Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, northern India
Shahjad Ali,
Salman Ahmad,
Mohammad Usama,
Raisul Islam,
Azhar Shadab,
Rajesh Kumar Deolia,
Jitendra Kumar,
Ayoob Rastegar,
Ali Akbar Mohammadi,
Shadab Khurshid,
Vahide Oskoei,
Seyed Alireza Nazari
Affiliations
Shahjad Ali
Department of Environmental Science, Sharda School of Smart Agriculture, Sharda University Agra, Keetham, Agra, 282007 India; Corresponding author. Department of Environmental Science, Sharda School of Smart Agriculture, Sharda University Agra, Keetham, Agra, 282007 India.
Salman Ahmad
Interdisciplinary Department of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Mohammad Usama
Department of Environmental Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
Raisul Islam
Department of Civil Engineering, GLA University Mathura, India
Azhar Shadab
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
Rajesh Kumar Deolia
Department of Applied Science (Mathematics), G.L. Bajaj Group of Institutions, Mathura, India
Jitendra Kumar
Department of Mathematics and Computing, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
Ayoob Rastegar
Department of Environmental Health, School of Health and Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
Ali Akbar Mohammadi
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Workplace Health Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Corresponding author. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
Shadab Khurshid
Interdisciplinary Department of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Vahide Oskoei
School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Seyed Alireza Nazari
Medical Nanotechnology Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine. Tehran, Iran
Human health is being increasingly exposed to fluoride and nitrate ingestion globally due to anthropogenic alternations in groundwater resources. In the present research work, a hazard quotient (HQ), Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and geographic information systems (GIS) have been used to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate and fluoride in vulnerable adults, teenagers, and children living in far-flung areas of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India. About 110 samples from some nearby populations were collected and analyzed for nitrates by ion chromatography and fluoride by a fluoride-selective electrode. The results indicated that the concentrations of fluoride and nitrate in the sampling areas ranged from 0.21 to 1.71 mg/L and 0.4–183.54 mg/L, respectively, with mean concentrations of about 1.20 mg/L and 51.52 mg/L for fluoride and nitrate, respectively. The results indicated that 27.27 % of the fluoride samples (27 out of 110) and 45.45 % of the nitrate samples (44 out of 110) were above the standard limits set by WHO. The calculated average HQ values fluoride and Nitrate for children, teenagers and adults were 1.88, 0.98, 0.90 and 3.02, 1.57, 1.45 respectively The 95th percentile HQ values for fluoride were 2.87 for children and 1.03 for adults, while those for nitrate were 4.10 for children and 1.98 for adults. Results of the health risk assessment show that there is a high potential for both non-carcinogenic and cancer risks from fluoride and nitrate through the consumption of groundwater. The Monte Carlo simulation showed the uncertainties and increased risks for children; therefore, one can infer that rural groundwater of the Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, India, must be treated to make it potable for consumption.
