Blood lead levels in a group of children: the potential risk factors and health problems

Abstract

Objective: To investigate blood lead levels (BLLs) in schoolchildren in two areas of Egypt to understand the current lead pollution exposure and its risk factors, aiming to improve prevention politicies. Subjects and method: This was a cross‐sectional study in children (n = 400) aged 6–12 years recruited from two areas in Egypt (industrial and urban). BLLs were measured using an atomic absorption method. Detailed questionnaires on sources of lead exposure and history of school performance and any behavioral changes were obtained. Results: The mean BLL in the urban area of Egypt (Dokki) was 5.45 ± 3.90 μg/dL, while that in the industrial area (Helwan) was 10.37 ± 7.94 μg/dL, with a statistically significant difference between both areas (p < 0.05). In Dokki, 20% of the studied group had BLLs ≥ 10 μg/dL, versus 42% of those in Helwan. A significant association was found between children with abnormal behavior and those with pallor with BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL, when compared with those with BLL < 10 μg/dL (p < 0.05). Those living in Helwan area, those with bad health habits, and those living in housing with increased exposure were at a statistically significantly higher risk of having BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL. Conclusion: Lead remains a public health problem in Egypt. High BLLs were significantly associated with bad health habits and housing with increased exposure, as well as abnormal behavior and pallor.

Keywords

• Blood lead levels
• Children
• Lead exposure
• Abnormal behavior
• Short stature
• Egypt