A comprehensive review on electromagnetic wave based non-invasive glucose monitoring in microwave frequencies
Abhishek Kandwal,
Yogeshwar Dutt Sharma,
Rohit Jasrotia,
Chan Choon Kit,
Natrayan Lakshmaiya,
Mika Sillanpää,
Louis WY. Liu,
Tobore Igbe,
Asha Kumari,
Rahul Sharma,
Suresh Kumar,
Chongkol Sungoum
Affiliations
Abhishek Kandwal
School of Chips, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Taicang, Suzhou 215400, China; Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia; School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; Corresponding author. School of Chips, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Taicang, Suzhou 215400, China.
Yogeshwar Dutt Sharma
School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
Rohit Jasrotia
Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia; School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140101, Punjab, India
Chan Choon Kit
Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering, Shinawatra University, Pathumthani, 12160, Thailand
Natrayan Lakshmaiya
Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
Mika Sillanpää
Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, 32093, Kuwait; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Uni-versity of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; School of Technology, Woxsen University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Louis WY. Liu
Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese German University, 75000, Viet Nam; Corresponding author. Vietnamese German University, Vietnam.
Tobore Igbe
Center for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA22903, USA
Asha Kumari
Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Himachal Pradesh, 176041, India
Rahul Sharma
Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Himachal Pradesh, 176041, India
Suresh Kumar
Department of Physics, MMU University, Ambala, Haryana, India
Chongkol Sungoum
Faculty of Engineering, Shinawatra University, Pathumthani, 12160, Thailand
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of humans worldwide. This review article provides an analysis of the recent advancements in non-invasive blood glucose monitoring, detailing methods and techniques, with a special focus on Electromagnetic wave microwave glucose sensors. While optical, thermal, and electromagnetic techniques have been discussed, the primary emphasis is focussed on microwave frequency sensors due to their distinct advantages. Microwave sensors exhibit rapid response times, require minimal user intervention, and hold potential for continuous monitoring, renders them extremely potential for real-world applications. Additionally, their reduced susceptibility to physiological interferences further enhances their appeal. This review critically assesses the performance of microwave glucose sensors by considering factors such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and user comfort. Moreover, it sheds light on the challenges and upcoming directions in the growth of microwave sensors, including the need for reduction and integration with wearable platforms. By concentrating on microwave sensors within the broader context of non-invasive glucose monitoring, this article aims to offer significant enlightenment that may drive further innovation in diabetes care.
