Cancer Management and Research (Oct 2019)
Increased Expression Of SOX2 Predicts A Poor Prognosis And Promotes Malignant Phenotypes In Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Abstract
Zhengqing Bao,1–3,* Yonghao Zhan,1–4,* Shiming He,1–3 Yifan Li,1–3 Bao Guan,1–3 Qun He,1–3 Xinyu Yang,1–3 Xuesong Li,1–3 Dong Fang,1–3,5 Liqun Zhou1–3 1Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, People’s Republic of China; 5Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Dong Fang; Liqun ZhouDepartment of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-10-83575006Fax +86-10-66551726Email [email protected]; [email protected]: The transcription factor SRY-related HMG-box 2 (SOX2) plays important regulatory roles in diverse biological processes (cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity). However, the relationship between SOX2 and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have not been intensively investigated. This study aims to analyze the expression of SOX2 in UTUC as well as the predictive value for prognosis and the effect on tumor aggressiveness of SOX2.Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks containing samples from 341 patients with UTUC who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) at our institute were analyzed for SOX2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Associations between the SOX2 expression level and clinicopathological characteristics, disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed. SOX2 expression in a normal urothelial cell line, urothelial carcinoma cell lines, 16 UTUC tissues and their pair-matched adjacent normal tissues was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Using RNA interference in vitro, the effects of SOX2 inhibition on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity were determined.Results: SOX2 expression was significantly upregulated in UTUC tissue samples compared with paired-adjacent nontumorous tissue samples. SOX2 expression was correlated with important clinicopathological features, including tumor stage, tumor grade, tumor architecture and the presence of glandular or sarcoma differentiation, and was an independent predictor of poor DFS and CSS. Further experiments indicated that SOX2 expression was higher in UTUC cell lines than in a normal urothelial cell line. Knocking down SOX2 expression could inhibit malignant phenotypes (cell proliferation, stemness, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity) in UTUC cells.Conclusion: SOX2 is an independent prognostic marker of poor DFS and CSS in UTUC patients who have undergone RNU. Moreover, these data suggest that SOX2 may be a promising therapeutic target in UTUC.Keywords: SRY-related HMG-box 2, upper tract urothelial carcinoma, biomarker, prognosis, stemness
